This paper makes the case for a coordinated or systems approach to urban finance. Traditional approaches to urban finance have often focused on actions that cities can take, such as issuing municipal bonds or securing a good credit rating. Much of the recent literature emphasizes mechanisms such as debt financing, public-private partnerships, and land value capture instruments. 

This report finds that a low carbon growth path for Indonesia can deliver an average GDP growth rate of 6% annually until 2045. It would unlock an array of economic, social and environmental benefits, including reducing extreme poverty, generating additional better-paid jobs, and avoiding deaths due to reduced air pollution.

Energy demand is projected to grow by a third in the next 15 years. A rapid scale-up of low-carbon energy sources and energy efficiency is essential to drive global growth, reduce the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) associated with fossil fuel use and help provide reliable access to modern energy for those who lack it. This need has become more urgent following the global commitment made in the UN Paris Agreement in December 2015 to reducing net GHG emissions to zero in the second half of the century. 

This paper Initiative argues that India’s efforts to achieve rapid, inclusive and sustainable development have been hampered in the past by pervasive inefficiencies that arise from market, policy and institutional failures and weaknesses. The paper finds that increased efficiency, investment and innovation can yield major development and environmental benefits: energy systems, agriculture and land use, and cities.